Detailed characterization of NP samples that are used in a medical application is also critical because one must know and understand what is being injected into the body. Precision syntheses are therefore necessary to produce samples with tightly focused distributions in order to achieve the targeted functions specifically and to correlate observed functions with specific NP characteristics.
(20-23) Many researchers note that small changes in size and shape can significantly affect the properties of the NPs. Many of these nanoscale materials have unique size- and shape-dependent optical, electronic, and magnetic properties, and these properties are dependent upon methods to synthesize, to purify, and to characterize them. (6) Examples are lipid micelles, (7) different polymeric nanostructures, (8) protein constructs, (9) ribonucleic acid (RNA) NPs (RNPs), (10) carbon dots (C-dots), (11) nanodiamonds (NDs), (12) carbon nanotubes (CNTs), (13) graphene, (14) as well as inorganic materials such as mesoporous silica NPs (MSNP), superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs), (15) quantum dots (QDs), (16) plasmonic NPs, (17) gold nanoclusters (GNCS), (18) upconverting NPs (UCNPs), (19) etc. Many nanomaterials can replicate some functions of globular biological macromolecules. However, no standardized nomenclature exists in the literature therefore, terms such as engineered nanomaterials, nonbiological complex drugs (NBCDs), nanomedicals/nanomedicines, etc. Nanoparticles (NPs) are key components of nanomedicine, and currently, a large variety of nanoparticle types exist.
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